The stability of the transmission response of a tripole FSS as the angle of incidence is increased from 0° to 70° is compared with that for a surface using a three-dimensional version of the element, a calthrop. For TM incidence the drift in frequency of the reflection resonance is 10% for the tripole, but only 2.5% for the calthrop.
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Musa et al. (1989) studied this question.
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