Early Arterial Intimal Thickening and Plaque Is Related with Treatment Regime and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Young Adults Following Childhood Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Figures

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  Figure 1. Ultrasound images of bulb and ICA (A), and proximal bulb (B) of a carotid artery with two plaques (15 MHz). Ultrasound images of a femoral artery with a large hypoechoic dorsal plaque in (C) longitudinal and (D) transverse imaging planes (15 MHz). Ultrasound image of a radial artery (F) with zoomed far wall (E) with diffuse intimal thickening seen as a four-line pattern (50 MHz). CCA, common carotid artery; FA, femoral artery; ICA, internal carotid artery; LD, Lumen.

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  Figure 2. Scatter plots of (A) linear regressions (CI 95% shaded area) of carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) increase with age among HSCT and controls showing the significant increase in the age-related increase of CIMT in HSCT patients compared to controls.

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  Figure 3. Comparison of carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) among controls (C, n = 44) and HSCT (n = 60) with (A) 0, 1, 2, and 3+ of the following cumulative number of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors: hypertension (systolic blood pressure >130 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure >85 mmHg, or antihypertensive medication), HbA1c > 42 mmol/mol, BMI > 30 g/m2, anthracycline cumulative exposure > 150 mg/m2, and hsCRP >2.5 mg/L and (B) 0, 1, 2, and 3+ of the following cumulative number of American Heart Association guideline metabolic syndrome criteria (out of 5) in HSCT cohort 1 (n = 42): high waist circumference (>102 cm in men and 88 cm in women); high plasma triglycerides (>1.7 mmol/L); or treatment for hypertriglyceridemia, low plasma high-density lipoproteins (<1.03 mmol/L in men and <1.3 mmol/L in women), hypertension (systolic blood pressure >130 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure >85 mmHg, or antihypertensive medication), and high fasting plasma glucose (>6.1 mmol/L or glucose lowering medication). * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.