Engineering Stable Metal Anodes for Alkaline Aqueous Batteries: From Degradation Mechanisms to Multidimensional Optimization

Global initiatives toward carbon neutrality and renewable energy expansion are accelerating the development of advanced energy storage systems. Alkaline aqueous batteries (AABs) represent a compelling solution owing to their inherent safety and low cost. As the performance of AABs is largely dictated by the metal anode, addressing the fundamental limitations of Zn, Sb, Sn, Bi, and Fe remains critical. These materials typically encounter severe challenges, such as dendritic growth and substantial volume expansion, which compromise cycling stability. This review systematically examines the degradation mechanisms inherent to these five anode types and evaluates current modification strategies, including structural design, interface engineering, and electrolyte regulation. By correlating mechanistic insights with experimental validation, this work provides a practical reference for optimizing and commercializing high‐performance metal anodes in AABs.