Attenuation of Electromagnetic Radiation From Communication Towers by Building Materials: A Comprehensive Review With a Focus on Middle East

This comprehensive review synthesizes research from 2014 to 2025 on the attenuation of 4G and 5G electromagnetic radiation by common building materials, specifically concrete, glass, and bricks. With the rapid deployment of wireless communication systems, reliable outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) coverage has become a critical challenge. This is compounded by the shift toward millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies and the widespread adoption of energy-efficient building materials. This study adopts a conceptual framework to quantify and model penetration loss across the sub-6 GHz and mmWave bands. By systematically evaluating empirical measurements and theoretical models, the review analyzes the complex interactions between electromagnetic waves and heterogeneous building structures. Key findings indicate that signal attenuation increases significantly at higher frequencies and is heavily influenced by material dielectric properties, thickness, polarization, and angle of incidence. Notably, modern energy-efficient barriers, such as low-emissivity glass, introduce severe propagation losses compared to traditional materials, which impedes accurate network planning. Ultimately, this paper highlights the necessity for standardized channel models and explores mitigation techniques like frequency-selective surfaces. The insights provided aim to optimize high-frequency wireless network deployments while guiding future material engineering.