Utilization of Pinus spp. cones for the production of solid biofuels: A case study of San Francisco Pichátaro, Michoacán, Mexico

Lignocellulosic forest residues represent a risk factor for the spread of forest fires. In Mexico, several rural communities possess extensive forest territories with abundant residues such as Pinus spp . cones, which could be managed for energy purposes and contribute to mitigating forest fires. The objective of this case study is the energy valorization of pine cones ( Pinus spp .) in a rural community in western Mexico, in order to evaluate their suitability as a raw material for producing densified solid biofuels. This approach proposes a sustainable alternative for managing non-timber forest residues, enabling their use for thermal energy generation. The methodology was structured in five stages: 1) Identification of the spatial and temporal production of pine cones; 2) Physical-energy characterization to determine calorific value and moisture content; 3) Proximate analysis to quantify ash, volatiles, and fixed carbon; 4) Chemical analysis to determine holocellulose, lignin, and extractives content, and to identify contaminant elements; and 5) Multicriteria analysis to assess technical feasibility as a solid biofuel. The results showed an average higher heating value of 20.76 MJ/kg, which is higher compared with other wood materials, and a final moisture content of 14.22%. Furthermore, the proximate analysis of the residue revealed an exceptionally low ash content of 0.51 to 0.62%, minimizing the likelihood of operational problems during combustion. Additionally, a high lignin content of 40.87% was recorded, which contributes to the heating value and facilitates heat release during combustion. These characteristics contribute to its densification as a natural resource, and the high lignin content can function as a binder in palletizing processes. The chemical analysis showed minimal presence of heavy metals. The cones of Pinus spp . are a raw material for the production of high-quality solid biofuels. The technical evaluation of the pine cones in the study area shows an estimated energy potential of 24.3 TJ/year, confirming their viability as a strategic biomass resource. This case study demonstrates that local management of non-timber forest residues can be an effective way to strengthen fire-prevention practices, promote the valorization of forest by-products, and enable the production of solid biofuels. Together, these results underscore the importance of integrating community-based approaches to sustainable use that contribute to diversifying the energy matrix and to the transition toward more affordable and resilient energy systems.