A Thorough Examination of Graphene-Based Materials for CO₂ Mitigation from Storage to Conversion: Review

The increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) intensified global efforts to develop effective carbon mitigation technologies. Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) has emerged a promising strategy through combining CO 2 capture and subsequent conversion to value-added products, thereby contributing to greenhouse-gas reduction and the circular carbon economy. Among various candidate materials, graphene and its derivatives have drawn much attention owing to their high specific surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, outstanding chemical stability and highly tunable surface chemistry. These unique features allow graphene as an excellent CO 2 adsorbent, conductive catalyst support, electron-transport medium and active component for catalytic CO 2 conversion. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of graphene-based materials for CO 2 capture and conversion, discussing the principles of adsorption, defect engineering, design of porous structures, heteroatom doping, surface functionalization, and the production of hybrid composites. The roles of graphene in electrocatalytic, photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical CO 2 reduction are critically discussed, focusing on structure–property–performance relationships and the underlying reaction mechanisms. Current challenges such as scalable synthesis, structural stability, integrated capture-conversion systems, standardized performance evaluation and techno-economic feasibility are also analyzed. Finally, future research areas are focused on accelerating the development of graphene-enable CCUS technology for practical and sustainable carbon management.