Key result
Gestational diabetes alone is not linked to higher all-cause or cardiac mortality, unlike overt diabetes.
Why the study?
The association between gestational diabetes mellitus without subsequent overt diabetes and long-term all-cause and cardiac mortality was unclear.
Does a history of gestational diabetes mellitus without subsequent overt diabetes increase the risk of long-term all-cause and cardiac mortality in women with a pregnancy history?
Cohort (n=10,327)
Does a history of gestational diabetes mellitus without subsequent overt diabetes increase the risk of long-term all-cause and cardiac mortality in women with a pregnancy history?
Hazard Ratio: 0.67 (95% CI 0.25–1.84)
Absolute Event Rate: 1.1% vs 4.2%
Gestational diabetes mellitus without subsequent overt diabetes does not appear to increase the risk of long-term all-cause or cardiac mortality, unlike overt diabetes which significantly increases these risks.
Isolated gestational diabetes history was not linked to higher mortality; leaves open whether progression to overt diabetes drives excess cardiac risk.
BACKGROUND: To investigate the association between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) without subsequent overt diabetes and long-term all-cause and cardiac mortality. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included 10,327 women (weighted population: 132,332,187) with a pregnancy history from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007 to 2018). Participants were divided into three groups (GDM alone, overt diabetes, and no diabetes). Mortality data was linked from the National Death Index up to December 31, 2019. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was performed to examine the association between GDM alone and overt diabetes with all-cause mortality and cardiac mortality. Data analysis was performed from October 2022 to April 2023. RESULTS: Among the participants, 510 (weighted 5.3%) had GDM alone and 1862 (weighted 14.1%) had overt diabetes. Over a median follow-up period of 6.7 years (69,063 person-years), there were 758 deaths. The GDM group did not show an increased risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 0.67; 95% CI, 0.25-1.84), while the overt diabetes group had a significantly higher risk (HR 1.95; 95% CI, 1.62-2.35). Similarly, the GDM group did not exhibit an elevated risk of cardiac mortality (HR 1.48; 95% CI, 0.50-4.39), whereas the overt diabetes group had a significantly higher risk (HR 2.37; 95% CI, 1.69-3.32). Furthermore, sensitivity analysis focusing on women aged 50 or above showed that the HR of GDM history for all-cause mortality was 1.14 (95% CI, 0.33-3.95) and the HR for cardiac mortality was 1.74 (95% CI, 0.49-6.20). CONCLUSIONS: GDM alone was not associated with an increased risk of all-cause and cardiac mortality, while overt diabetes was significantly associated with both types of mortality.
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Xu et al. (2024) conducted a cohort in Pregnancy history (n=10,327). Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) alone vs. No diabetes was evaluated on All-cause mortality (HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.25-1.84). A history of gestational diabetes mellitus alone was not associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR 0.67) or cardiac mortality, whereas overt diabetes significantly increased both risks.
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