Synergistic Effect of Polydatin and Polygonatum sibiricum Polysaccharides in Combating Atherosclerosis via Suppressing TLR4-Mediated NF-κB Activation in ApoE-Deficient Mice

Figures

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  Figure 1. Effect of the combination of PD and PSP on lipid level in serum of HFD-induced atherosclerosis ApoE–/– mice: (a) statistical chart of TC; (b) statistical chart of HDL-C; (c) statistical chart of TG; (d) statistical chart of LDL-C. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 4). ap < 0.01, compared to the WT group; bp < 0.01, compared to the model group; cp < 0.01, and dp < 0.05, compared to the TAK-242 group; ep < 0.01 and fp < 0.05, compared to the PD + PSP group. TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

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  Figure 2. Effect of the combination of PD and PSP on atherosclerotic lesion in HFD-induced atherosclerosis ApoE–/– mice: (a) images of Oil Red O staining of the whole aorta; (b) images of Oil Red O staining of the aorta sinus of the lesion (×200); (c) H&E staining of aortic tissue (×400). WT: wild-type C57BL/6 mice fed an ordinary diet; model: ApoE–/– mice fed with high-fat diet; PD + PSP : ApoE–/– mice fed with high-fat diet, and treatment with PD and PSP; PD + PSP + TAK-242: ApoE–/– mice fed with high-fat diet, and treatment with PD, PSP, and TAK-242; TAK-242: ApoE–/– mice fed with high-fat diet, and treatment with TAK-242. PD : Polydatin; PSP : P. sibiricum polysaccharides.

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  Figure 3. Effect of the combination of PD and PSP on HFD-induced hepatic steatosis in ApoE–/– mice: (a) liver photos; (b) images of liver sections stained with Oil Red O (×200); (c) images of liver sections stained with H&E (×400).

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  Figure 4. Effect of the combination of PD and PSP on the levels of cell adhesion molecules in serum of HFD-induced atherosclerosis ApoE–/– mice: (a) statistical chart of ICAM-1; (b) statistical chart of VCAM-1. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). ap < 0.01, compared to the WT group; bp < 0.01, compared to the model group; cp < 0.01 and dp < 0.05, compared to the TAK-242 group; ep < 0.01 and fp < 0.05, compared to the PD + PSP group. ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule-1; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule-1.

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  Figure 5. Effect of the combination of PD and PSP on protein expression of TLR4, MyD88, p-p65, and p65 in aorta of HFD-induced atherosclerosis ApoE–/– mice: (a) TLR4, MyD88, p-p65, p65, and GAPDH expression exposed in WT group, model group, PD + PSP group, PD + PSP + TAK-242 group, TAK-242 group; (b) statistical chart of TLR4; (c) statistical chart of p-p65/p65; (d) statistical chart of MyD88. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). ap < 0.01, compared to the WT group; bp < 0.01, compared to the model group; cp < 0.01 and dp < 0.01, compared to the TAK-242 group; ep < 0.01 and fp < 0.05, compared to the PD + PSP group.

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  Figure 6. A proposed mechanism of synergistic effect of polydatin and P. sibiricum polysaccharides in combating atherosclerosis in ApoE–/– mice.