Considerable efforts have been madeduring the past two decadesto investigate gas injection operations in steelmaking ladles.Towards these, numerous physical and mathematical model studies embodying aqueousas well as full sca[e systems have been reported.On the basis of an extensive literature search, a summary, discussion and analysis of these are now presented.For the sake of convenience and clarity of presentation, studies have been categorised into three major groups: (1 ) physical mode]]ing studies, (2) combined physica] and mathematical modelling studies and (3) mathematical modelling studies.In each of these categories, a great number of publications on various phenomena,such as gas-liquid interac- tions, turbulent fluid flow, mixing, solid-Iiquid mass transfer, etc. have been reported.Accordingly, and as discussed in the text, considerable improvements have resulted in our understanding of the various gas injection induced phenomena in ladle metallurgy operations.Coupled with these, extensive mathematical modelling studies have also lead to a reasonably accurate framework for carrying out engineering design and process calculations.Nonetheless, some obscu~ities and uncertainties still remain and these are pointed out, together with those areas where further work is needed.
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Mazumdar et al. (1995) studied this question.