Risk factors for Takotsubo Syndrome Following Cardiac Surgery: A Case–Control Study

Background: Takotsubo syndrome following cardiac surgery is a rare occurrence. However, early diagnosis is essential to prevent treatment which could increase the left ventricular outflow tract pressure gradient in patients with Takotsubo syndrome, and lead to cardiogenic shock. Therefore, our study aimed to identify the incidence of Takotsubo syndrome after cardiopulmonary bypass and the associated risk factors and prognosis.Methods: We retrospectively studied 5,773 patients who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass between February 2007 and July 2017. Among these, Takotsubo syndrome was diagnosed in 52 (0.9%). To evaluate the risk factors for Takotsubo syndrome, 104 of the remaining 5,721 patient were randomly selected as the control group (1:2 ratio). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used for risk factor analysis. Results: Majority of patients (69.2%) in the Takotsubo syndrome group underwent mitral valve surgery, compared to 32.7% in the control group. The following risk factors of Takotsubo syndrome were identified: atrio-ventricular valve surgery (odds ratio (OR),10.5; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.6-42.5; P=0.001); and the immediate postoperative use of epinephrine (OR, 3.3; 95%CI, 1.0-10.7; P=0.05) and dobutamine (OR, 4.8; 95%CI, 1.72-13.3; P=0.003). Hypertension was a significant protective factor against Takotsubo syndrome following cardiac surgery (OR, 0.22; 95%CI, 0.06-0.73; P=0.01).Conclusions: Takotsubo syndrome following cardiac surgery is rare. Immediate postoperative use of epinephrine and doputamine, as well as atrio-ventricular valve surgery were factors associated with the development of Takotsubo syndrome.