The direct modulation of anL-band microstrip patch antenna with integrated fast-switching p-i-n diodes is explored over a range of modulation frequencies well beyond the resonant bandwidth of the antenna. Electromagnetic simulation of one embodiment of a directly modulated antenna, including an equivalent circuit model for the p-i-n diode as a function of bias voltage, provides insight into the mechanisms behind the modulation effect and serves as a design tool to optimize and predict the modulation of the antenna radiation pattern.
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Keller et al. (2010) studied this question.
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