Key result
Testosterone and estrogen increase Ang-1 and Tie-2 and reduce Ang-2 in sika deer antler chondrocytes.
Why the study?
The expression and regulation of Angiopoietins and their receptor Tie-2 in sika deer antler chondrocytes were unknown.
Ang-1, Ang-2, and Tie-2 are expressed in sika deer antler chondrocytes and their expression is regulated by sex hormones and retinoic acids.
Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
Localization of Ang-1/Ang-2/Tie-2 in deer antler is hypothesis-generating; further studies needed before inferring roles in mammalian ossification.
The cartilage vascularization and chondrocyte survival are essential for endochondral ossification which occurs in the process of antler growth. Angiopoietins (Ang) is a family of major angiogenic growth factors and involved in regulating the vascularization. However, the expression and regulation of Angs in the antler are still unknown. The aim of this study is to localize the expression of Ang-1, Ang-2 and their receptor Tie-2 in sika deer antler using in situ hybridization and focused on analyzing the regulation of testosterone, estrogen, all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and 9cRA on their expression in antler chondrocytes. The results showed that Ang-1, Ang-2 and Tie-2 were highly expressed in antler chondrocytes. Administration of testosterone to antler chondrocytes led to a notable increase in the expression of Ang-1 and Tie-2, and a reduction in the expression of Ang-2. The similar result was also observed after estrogen treatment. In contrast, ATRA and 9cRA could inhibit the expression of Ang-1 in antler chondrocytes and heighten the expression of Ang-2. Simultaneously, ATRA could downregulate the expression of Tie-2 in antler chondrocytes at 12 and 24 h, while 9cRA upregulate the expression of Tie-2 at 3 and 6 h. Collectively, Ang-1, Ang-2 and Tie-2 are expressed in antler chondrocytes and their expression can be affected by testosterone, estrogen, ATRA and 9cRA.
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Zhang et al. (2017) studied Cartilage vascularization in sika deer antler. Testosterone, estrogen, ATRA, and 9cRA was evaluated on Expression of Ang-1, Ang-2, and Tie-2. Testosterone and estrogen increased Ang-1 and Tie-2 expression and reduced Ang-2 in sika deer antler chondrocytes, whereas ATRA and 9cRA inhibited Ang-1 and heightened Ang-2 expression.
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