Association between metabolic syndrome components and cardiac autonomic modulation in southern Indian adults with pre-metabolic syndrome: hyperglycemia is the major contributing factor

Fig. 1. Graph illustrating the correlation between cardiac autonomic function test (CAFT) parameters and each component of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in pre-MetS subjects (n = 93). We created the correlation heatmap using the R package “ggcorrplot”. The color gradients display pairwise correlation measured by Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r values). In a total of 93 pre-MetS subjects, there were 31 subjects with abdominal obesity, 56 subjects with hyperglycemia, 26 subjects with hypertriglyceridemia, 36 subjects with low HDL-c, and 24 subjects with elevated BP. A cross represents an absence of statistical significance (p-value > 0.05). The correlation is significant at 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001. For instance, hyperglycemia was statistically correlated with BRS, SDNN, RMSSD, TP, LF:HF, E:I ratio, 30:15 ratio, and DBPIHG. HDL-c, high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol; BP, blood pressure; BRS, baroreflex sensitivity; SDNN, standard deviation of normal to normal interval; RMSSD, square root of the mean squared differences of successive normal to normal intervals; TP, total power; LF, low-frequency power; HF, high-frequency power; E:I ratio, a ratio of maximum RR interval during expiration to…

Fig. 2. Correlation matrix visualization depicting the correlation between cardiometabolic parameters in pre-MetS subjects (n = 93). We created the correlation heatmap using the R package “ggcorrplot”. The color gradient indicates Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r values) based on pairwise correlations. Crosses indicate a lack of statistical significance (p-value > 0.05). Correlation is significant at 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001. A statistically significant correlation was seen, for instance, between BRS, SDNN, RMSSD, TP, LF:HF, E:I ratio, 30:15 ratio, DBPIHG, insulin, HOMA-IR, BF%, hs-CRP, and FPG. MetS, metabolic syndrome; BRS, baroreflex sensitivity; SDNN, standard deviation of normal to normal interval; RMSSD, square root of the mean squared differences of successive normal to normal intervals; TP, total power; LF, low-frequency power; HF, high-frequency power; E:I ratio, a ratio of maximum RR interval during expiration to minimum RR interval during inspiration following deep breathing; DBPIHG, diastolic BP above baseline following sustained handgrip; BMI, body mass index; WHR, ratio of waist-hip; WHtR, ratio of waist-height; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model…