Effectiveness of ozone generated by a dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor against multidrug-resistant pathogens and Clostridioides difficile spores

The contaminated healthcare environment plays an important role in the spread of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) and Clostridioides difficile. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of ozone generated by a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma reactor on various materials that were contaminated by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE), carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRE), carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA), carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) and C. difficile spores. Various materials contaminated by VRE, CRE, CRPA, CRAB and C. difficile spores were treated with different ozone concentrations and exposure times. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) demonstrated bacterial surface modifications following ozone treatment. When an ozone dosage of 500 ppm for 15 min was applied to VRE and CRAB, about 2 or more log10 reduction was observed in stainless steel, fabric and wood, and a 1–2 log10 reduction in glass and plastic. Spores of C. difficile were more resistant to ozone than were all other tested organisms. On AFM, the bacterial cells, following ozone treatment, were swollen and distorted. The ozone generated by the DBD plasma reactor provided a simple and valuable decontamination tool for the MDROs and C. difficile spores, which are known as common pathogens in healthcare-associated infections.