Oxide-Relief and Zn-Diffusion 850-nm Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers With Extremely Low Energy-to-Data-Rate Ratios for 40 Gbit/s Operations

We demonstrate novel structures of a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) for high-speed (~40 Gbit/s) operation with ultralow power consumption performance. Downscaling the size of oxide aperture of VCSELs is one of the most effective ways to reduce the power consumption during high-speed operation. However, such miniaturized oxide apertures (~2 μm diameter) in VCSELs will result in a large differential resistance, optical single-mode output, and a small maximum output power (1/2), as well as record-low energy-to-data ratios (EDR: 140 fJ/bit) at 34 Gbit/s operation, and error-free transmission over a 0.8-km OM4 multimode fiber with a record-low energy-to-data distance ratio (EDDR: 175.5 fJ/bit.km) at 25 Gbit/s.