Birth weight and gestational age: Early life management strategy to population health for glucose disorders

Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) including dysglycemia is becoming an epidemic public health issues in many countries around the world.Similarly.Low Birth Weight (LBW) is increasing world-wide as more and more babies being kept alive with advancement of health care.This issues of NCD and LBW is by far more common in developing countries and worse situations occur in certain Asians countries where LBW reaches almost 20 per 100 population live birth.LBW is associated with a higher risk for the development of diabetes and other metabolic disorders.Those being born Small for Gestational Age (SGA) and of LBW is associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in a non-genetic manner, and programming of muscle insulin action and signaling represents an early mechanism responsible for this association.Also, insulin secretory abnormalities in LBW may result from appropriate fetal adaptation ("programming") to a suboptimal nutritional state during intrauterine life but ultimately are maladaptive when presented with a high-carbohydrate diet after weaning.With the superimposition of age-related or dietary insulin resistance, insulin secretory responses are inadequate, resulting in progressive glucose intolerance.The care of maternal health and prenatal care is of paramount importance to improve the birth weight and reduce the rate of LBW and prematurity.Postnatal care is similarly of great importance to further reduce the impact of LBW on non-communicable disease with the burden of obesity and increasing the metabolic demand upon the pancreatic cells. Epidemiological evidenceStudies in several countries have shown that children who were small at birth have an inability to respond to an oral glucose challenge