Key result
Macroscopic fiber architecture primarily dictates ventricular pumping efficiency over microscopic disarray in modeled hearts.
Why the study?
Direct in vivo measurements of myocardial fiber orientation are not feasible, necessitating investigation of macroscopic fiber architecture and microscopic fiber disarray roles in cardiac electromechanical models.
This computational study highlights the dominant role of macroscopic fiber architecture in active cardiac mechanics and reveals limitations of current surrogate modeling approaches for fiber disarray.
Macroscopic fiber architecture may guide active mechanics modeling in computational studies; leaves open translation to human ventricular function.
A major challenge in computational models of cardiac electromechanics is the reconstruction of myocardial fiber architecture, as direct in vivo measurements of fiber orientation are not feasible. Consequently, rule-based methods are commonly adopted as surrogates, relying on empirical descriptions of fiber organization combined with patient-specific geometries. This study investigates the respective roles of macroscopic fiber architecture and microscopic fiber disarray in cardiac electromechanical simulations. A high-fidelity biventricular electromechanical model of a murine heart was developed using a high-resolution myocardial fiber field obtained via mesoscopic optical imaging, which serves as a reference ground truth. A spatial smoothing strategy is introduced to decouple macroscopic fiber organization from local disarray, and the resulting responses are also compared with those obtained using a rule-based fiber field. The results show that passive mechanics and electrophysiological activation are only weakly affected by fiber disarray, with global chamber compliance and activation times remaining largely unchanged across different fiber descriptions. In contrast, active mechanics is highly sensitive to fiber architecture. Moderate regularization of the experimentally measured fiber field enhances the ventricular pumping efficiency of the computational model by reducing microscopic disarray while preserving the macroscopic helical organization, whereas excessive smoothing or rule-based fiber reconstructions lead to unphysiologically strong or inefficient contraction. Within this framework, two commonly adopted surrogate strategies to account for fiber disarray are investigated: (i) a reduction of the effective cross-bridge stiffness in the active tension model, and (ii) the introduction of controlled misalignment between active tension and the local fiber direction. While both approaches reproduce global hemodynamic indicators comparable to the reference case, an effective reduction of contractility - despite its phenomenological nature - provides a closer match to the reference strain patterns than the introduction of orthogonal active stress components. Overall, the results highlight the dominant role of macroscopic fiber architecture in active mechanics and reveal important limitations of commonly adopted surrogate approaches for modeling fiber disarray.
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Guastamacchia et al. (2026) studied Computational model of murine heart. Spatial smoothing of myocardial fiber field and rule-based fiber reconstructions vs. High-resolution experimentally measured myocardial fiber field (ground truth) was evaluated on Cardiac electromechanical function (passive mechanics, electrophysiological activation, and active mechanics). Macroscopic fiber architecture strongly dictates active mechanics and ventricular pumping efficiency in a murine computational model, whereas passive mechanics and electrophysiological activation are only weakly affected by microscopic fiber disarray.
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