Chronic acetylcholinesterase inhibition reduces the effects of physical training on ventricular contractility and coronary bed reactivity in hypertensive rats

Figure 1. Evaluation of cardiac autonomic control through double pharmacological blockade with methylatropine and propranolol. The bars show the percentage fluctuation of heart rate (HR) after administration of methylatropine (white box) and propranolol (grey box) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) untrained (N = 16) and trained (N = 16) treated with pyridostigmine bromide (N = 08) or vehicle (N = 08). at ap < 0.05 vs. untrained vehicle group; bp < 0.05 vs. untrained PYR group; cp < 0.05 vs. trained vehicle group.

Figure 2. Coronary perfusion pressure (A), left ventricular systolic pressure (B), dP/dT (max) (C) and dP/dT (min) (D) induced flow in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) untrained (N = 16) and trained (N = 16) treated with pyridostigmine bromide (N = 08) or vehicle (N = 08). mmHg millimeters of mercury, s second, max maximum, min minimum. Values are expressed as means ± standard error of the mean. ap < 0.05 vs. untrained vehicle group; bp < 0.05 vs. untrained PYR group; cp < 0.05 vs. trained vehicle group.

Figure 3. Left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) after administration of dobutamine (A) and salbutamol (B) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) untrained (N = 16) and trained (N = 16) treated with pyridostigmine bromide (N = 08) or vehicle (N = 08). The graphs on the right represent the maximum response obtained for dobutamine (50 nmol) (C) and salbutamol (100 nmol) (D). Values are expressed in delta (Δ). mmHg millimeters of mercury. ap < 0.05 vs. untrained vehicle group; bp < 0.05 vs. untrained PYR group; cp < 0.05 vs. trained vehicle group.

Figure 4. Schematic representation of the experimental timeline of all studied groups.

Figure 5. Double autonomic blockade. HR Heart rate, BP blood pressure, Phe phenylephrine, SNP sodium nitroprusside.