Formulations are given both for narrow (less than 2 pH units) and for wide range (up to 8 pH units) immobilized pH gradients, spanning between pH 2.5 and pH 11. The contribution from water to the buffering power (beta) at these pH extremes requires the recipes to be optimized (in terms of gradient linearity) for each desired level of beta av.
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Gianazza et al. (1989) studied this question.
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