Socialization influences of specialization among birdwatchers

This study examines the social agents and socialization process for specialization in birdwatching to determine if specialization in a nonconsumptive wildlife‐related recreational activity follows a childhood determination model, as suggested by the hunting literature, or a leisure career model of participation, as suggested by the specialization literature. Data were collected from 787 birders in Alberta, Canada with a mail questionnaire. Results support both a childhood determination and a leisure career model for specialization in birding. More of the advanced birders started during childhood. However, regardless of the age at initiation two factors appear to influence specialization: participation with peers and support of birding activities by one's family. Management implications are discussed.