Welfare State Convergence or Robustness? Comparing Nonprofit Marketization Patterns Across Belgium, Sweden and the United States

New Public Management (NPM) reforms are argued to have induced welfare state convergence in public sector organizing. However, this argument has been examined mainly at the discourse and decision-making level, leaving the adoption of NPM reforms at the organizational level underexplored. Taking non-profit marketization as a case, this study draws on survey data from non-profits across three welfare states to examine the extent to which (a) different marketization patterns appear and (b) these patterns are explained by contextual differences. Findings suggest that welfare state robustness, not convergence, is the superior frame of reference at the organizational level.