Genetics of Male Infertility in Indian Population: A Literature Review

oligozoospermia, and 10.0% of those with azoospermia; infertile males are more prone to develop this condition.The only known abnormalities of spermatogenic failure are chromosomal abnormalities and microdeletions of the Y chromosome's azoospermia factor (AZF) regions.When the spermatogenic deficit is severe, the incidence of these two genetic abnormalities rises, and in azoospermic males, it can reach an overall 30.0%(15.0% of AZF microdeletions and 10.0% of karyotype abnormalities).The etiological factor for severe oligozoospermia and 10.0-15.0% of idiopathic azoospermia is Y chromosomal microdeletions.7 Global surveys have shown that infertile men have AZF deletion frequencies ranging from 5.0% to 20.0%.7 It is almost IntroductIonThe World Health Organization report states that the rate of infertility in India was 16.8% when using the "age but no birth" criteria and 3.9% when normalized for age between 25 and 49. 1 Primary infertility prevalence rates ranged from 3.5% to 16.7% in more industrialized countries and from 6.9% to 9.3% in less developed countries, according to a large population survey conducted by Boivin et al.The estimated global median prevalence of 9% was observed.2 Women who were married or in a consensual relationship and aged 20-44 were included for a different study conducted in South India by Adamson et al. discovered a 12.6% prevalence of primary infertility.3 Women between the ages of 15 and 30 were included in the study conducted in the Kashmir region also revealed a similar incidence.4 Kumar conducted a thorough investigation into the issue of infertility in females of age 15 to 49 from both Khairwar and non-Khairwar tribes in rural Central India.5 Nearly 1 in 7 couples is infertile, and male infertility contributes in one way or another to the situation in up to half of these couples.Low sperm production, aberrant sperm function, or obstructions that stop sperm from being delivered can all contribute to male infertility.Male infertility may be caused by various factors such as lifestyle choices, chronic health issues, injuries, and illnesses. GenetIc AbnormAlIty b e h I n d mAle InfertIlItyThe most prevalent chromosomal abnormalities are abnormalities in heterotypical chromosomes, including many syndromes such as Klinefelter's syndrome, Turner syndrome, etc., which are congenital.Also, individuals from this group are infertile.6 Five percent of individuals with infertility belong to the Klinefelter's syndrome group, where they have underdeveloped testes with severe