Joint blood pressure and resting heart rate trajectories and net adverse clinical events risk following PCI: an inverse probability of treatment weighting analysis

Figures

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  Figure 1. Participant flowchart.

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  Figure 2. Distinct longitudinal trajectory classes of individual hemodynamic parameters over the 6-month follow-up period. (A) Systolic blood pressure (SBP), (B) diastolic blood pressure (DBP), (C) resting heart rate (RHR). The solid lines represent the estimated mean values for each latent trajectory class, and the shaded bands indicate the corresponding 95% confidence intervals. The x-axis reflects the follow-up time from baseline to 6 months.

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  Figure 3. Kaplan–Meier curves for NACE-free survival across isolated and joint trajectory groups after inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). (A) SBP trajectories; (B) DBP trajectories; (C) RHR trajectories; (D) Joint BP-RHR trajectories. Kaplan–Meier curves demonstrating the cumulative event-free survival rates for net adverse clinical events (NACE) stratified by systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), resting heart rate (RHR), and their joint trajectory patterns. All survival curves and corresponding log-rank p values were estimated based on the weighted pseudo-population after inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) to rigorously balance baseline confounders.

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  Figure 4. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) curves for the associations between single baseline hemodynamic parameters and the risk of the primary clinical outcome. (A) Baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP) showed a marginally non-linear, U-shaped trend with the outcome. (B) Baseline diastolic blood pressure (DBP) demonstrated a relatively flat trend with no significant non-linear association. (C) Baseline resting heart rate (RHR) exhibited a stable trend within the normal range and lacked statistical significance for non-linearity. Data are presented as hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), represented by the solid lines and shaded areas, respectively. To facilitate clinical interpretation in alignment with standard guidelines, the reference values (where HR = 1.0) were predetermined at 120 mmHg for SBP, 80 mmHg for DBP, and 70 bpm for RHR. The fully adjusted Cox proportional hazards model was consistent with the multivariable analysis (Model 3), adjusting for age, sex, initial clinical presentation, diabetes mellitus, heart failure, number of LM stents, use of β-blockers, use of ACEI/ARB, white blood cell count, and triglycerides.