Fact-checking and Investigative Journalism’s Artificial Intelligence Revolution

The growing adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in newsrooms has created new opportunities and challenges for journalism. A significant opportunity lies in the use of AI technologies for investigative journalism and fact-checking, core functions of the field. Grounded in technological appropriation and digital assemblage theories, this study examines how AI technologies are used in investigative journalism and fact-checking practices within selected newsrooms. Through qualitative documentary analysis and in-depth interviews, the study addresses three key questions: How are AI technologies appropriated for investigative journalism and fact-checking? What challenges and limitations do organizations face in deploying and using these tools? To what extent does AI appropriation advance the democratic function of investigative journalism and fact-checking? Our findings show that AI technologies, can enhance efficiency, extend the reach of journalism, and facilitate access to reliable information. They also support the production of verifiable and accurate information, helping journalists mitigate the impact of deceitful content. However, we argue for technological instrumentalism, emphasizing that journalists must remain central to defining the use and objectives of AI technologies within newsrooms. We further contend that such technologies have the potential to advance the democratic function of the media when meaningfully integrated. This study contributes to the literature at the intersection of AI and journalism by advancing understanding of how AI technologies are appropriated in investigative and fact-checking practices and their implications for journalism’s democratic role.