Advanced development of biomass-metal organic framework composites nanoarchitectonics for fire retardants: Source, preparation, mechanism, and applications

Against the backdrop of sustainable development, biomass has attracted considerable attention in construction, textiles, packaging, and related fields because of its renewability, environmental compatibility, and cost-effectiveness. However, the inherent flammability of biomass substantially limits its application in scenarios with stringent fire-safety requirements. Metal-organic framework (MOF) featuring tunable pore structures, high specific surface areas, and excellent thermal stability provides a promising platform for the flame-retardant modification of biomass. Focusing on biomass–MOF composite systems, this review integrates natural and derived biomass into a unified framework and analyzes their construction strategies, flame-retardant mechanisms, and structure–performance relationships. Drawing on representative studies, the gas-phase, condensed-phase, and synergistic flame-retardant effects of these systems are analyzed. The performance advantages, current limitations, and practical application potential of different construction strategies and composite architectures are then critically assessed. At present, biomass–MOF composites still face several key challenges, including scalable fabrication, long-term durability, and cost control. Finally, future research directions are discussed to provide guidance for the rational design and practical implementation of high-performance and sustainable biomass–MOF flame-retardant composites.