Biomass-MOF composites for environmental remediation: a review of green synthesis and applications in water treatment, air purification, and electromagnetic shielding

With the escalating issue of environmental pollution, the development of efficient adsorbents for pollution control has become increasingly urgent. Biomass-Metal–Organic Framework (MOF) composites have received significant attention in pollution control due to their outstanding adsorption performance. Biomass materials are recognised for their renewable nature and rich surface functional groups, making them an ideal platform for MOF growth. At the same time, MOFs have been found to be highly flexible, allowing their properties to be easily adjusted to meet specific requirements for adsorbing various pollutants. By leveraging the synergistic effects of biomass and MOFs, biomass-MOF composites have shown enhanced adsorbent efficiency and adsorption capacity. This review summarises recent progress in the application of biomass-MOF composites for water treatment, gas adsorption, and electromagnetic radiation adsorption. We discuss biomass pretreatment and modification, MOF design and selection, and how adsorption mechanisms influence the efficiency of biomass-MOF composites. This review aims to provide a valuable reference for developing biomass-MOF composite materials for pollution control.