Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
The universe originates from only three fundamental elements space, energy and the speed of light. Space is eternally constant. Energy and the speed of light are two sides of the same essence, coexisting eternally and inseparably. Even when transformed into material particles protons and electrons, energy and the speed of light remain unchanged. Confined within the tiny scope of protons and electrons, they still maintain an energy state and perpetual motion at the speed of light. The speed of light directly drives the operation of the energy state, and the compensatory acting force derived from the speed of light drives the operation of the material state. Free photons are pure energy without volume or mass. After photon self locking to form material particles, the solidified energy is converted into mass, and particles acquire fixed spatial boundaries and volume. The three fundamental cosmic forces are all compensatory acting forces derived from the speed of light. The linear motion of photons generates the strong force and universal gravitation, while the spatial disturbance caused by photon spin vibration generates the electromagnetic force, constructing all material structures and interactions in the universe.
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
Jiaqing Yan (2026) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context: