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Many people fail to see through the underlying logic of the universe and imagine its mechanism as obscure and complicated. In fact the essence of the universe is simple. Only two kinds of things exist at the bottom level of the universe, space and photons. Space is three dimensional and boundless. It will not deform or bend and does not participate in evolution. There is no multi dimensional structure. The photon itself is energy and the speed of light as two inseparable sides of one entity. Except for space, all other existence evolves from the change of photons. Photons are divided into energy state and matter state. Photons in energy state rely on the speed of light to drive their own operation. They keep moving at constant speed of light and keep colliding with each other. Ordinary collisions can raise or lower energy. When collision conditions are suitable, strong self locking will be triggered. Strong self locking has two results. Some cannot stay locked and disintegrate quickly to turn back into photons. Only when the energy level matches a specific threshold can strong self locking maintain stably and form long lived protons and electrons. Material particles can also absorb photons under low energy conditions to complete energy level transition and turn to higher energy states. They can participate in the construction of material structures under proper conditions. Material particles can also release photons through electron transition. Thermal radiation belongs to this release process. Neutrons are composite of protons and electrons. Protons and electrons are the foundation for building stable structures of the material world. Mass comes from locked energy and follows the relation that mass equals locked energy divided by the square of the speed of light. Volume comes from the space range occupied by the locked structure. Photons enclosed inside protons and electrons still move at the speed of light. They disturb space and generate electric charge. Gravitation, strong force and electrostatic force are three compensation forces derived from the speed of light. Gravitation and strong force relate to mass. They are spherical symmetric instantaneous action at a distance and their magnitude is inversely proportional to the square of distance. The strength of electrostatic force relates to electric charge. It is also spherical symmetric instantaneous action at a distance and follows inverse square law. Magnetic force is excited by moving electric charge. It is a secondary effect derived from compensation forces. It is axial symmetric instantaneous action at a distance and its magnitude is inversely proportional to the first power of distance. The matter state relies on three compensation forces including gravitation, strong force and electrostatic force plus secondary magnetic force to push the evolution and operation of the material world. All these interactions cooperate to build atoms molecules and lattice structures. Time is not a real entity in the universe. It is only a reference quantity defined by humans to describe the change process of matter. There is no unified time across the universe. Establishing this cognition marks a subversive leap in human understanding. After reaching this cognitive level, various cosmic phenomena and underlying rules become clear and easy to grasp.
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Jiaqing Yan (2026) studied this question.
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