Vibro-acoustic coupling and multi-path interference in shallow-water scattering of flexible shells via programmable Gaussian splatting reconstruction and isogeometric boundary element method

This study presents an automated framework integrating Programable Gaussian Splatting Reconstruction (PGSR) with isogeometric boundary element method for simulating submerged flexible structures in shallow water. The framework generates watertight, analysis-ready surface meshes directly from multi-view imagery, achieving reconstruction accuracy with Hausdorff distance below λ/100(<2.47 cm at 600 Hz). A coupled formulation incorporating seabed and sea-surface reflections is established for realistic environments. Numerical validations on spherical, shark, and manta ray models show that the PGSR-reconstructed meshes maintain stable acoustic predictions across 50–600 Hz. Spectral peak density varies markedly with geometry—sparse for the sphere, isolated for the shark, and dense for the manta ray—suggesting that geometry-dependent vibro-acoustic coupling and multi-path interference cannot be fully captured by decoupled approaches.