Sigmund Unander, Johan B. Steen, Behaviour and Social Structure in Svalbard Rock Ptarmigan Lagopus mutus hyperboreus, Ornis Scandinavica (Scandinavian Journal of Ornithology), Vol. 16, No. 3 (Oct., 1985), pp. 198-204
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Unander et al. (1985) studied this question.
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