Lipidomic Profiling Identifies Signatures of Poor Cardiovascular Health

Figures

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  Figure 1. Comparison of lipid species across categories of smoking status. The heatmap shows the average concentrations of important lipid features identified by the ANOVA analysis and grouped by categories of smoking status.

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  Figure 2. Comparison of lipid species across categories of diet. Volcano plot of important lipid features identified by the comparison between poor and intermediate dietary categories. This plot shows the magnitude (log 2 Fold-change of intermediate versus poor category; x-axis) and significance (−log 10 p-value; y-axis) for the comparison of lipids between intermediate and poor scores of dietary CVH metric. Lipid species with fold-change >2 or <0.5 and p-value < 0.05 are represented as pink dots.

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  Figure 3. Comparison of lipid species across categories of 564 (A) blood pressure, (B) total cholesterol, and (C) fasting blood glucose metrics. The heatmap shows the average concentrations of important lipid features identified by the ANOVA analysis and grouped by categories of each metric.

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  Figure 4. Comparison of lipid species across categories of cardiovascular health. The heatmap shows the average concentrations of important lipid features identified by the ANOVA analysis and grouped by categories of cardiovascular health.

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  Figure 5. Outputs of the PLS-DA of lipid species on the cardiovascular health status. (A) PLS-DA scoreplot and (B) importance of variables ranked by Variable Importance in Projection (VIP) score for the comparison between categories of cardiovascular health. 1 = Poor; 2 = intermediate; 3 = ideal.

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  Figure 6. The top-three discriminant lipid species (A) PE 16:0_16:1, (B) PE 18:0_20:5, and (C) PE 18:0_22:4 across categories of CVH status. The boxplots show lipid species with VIP >1.7.

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  Figure 7. Schematic Representation of lipid metabolic pathways. Metabolite abbreviations: G-3-P, sn-Glycerol 3-Phosphate; 1-acyl-G-3-P, 1-Acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate; 1,2-diacyl-G-3-P, 1,2-Diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate; CDP-DG, CDP-1,2-diacylglycerol; P-Cho, Choline Phosphate; CDP-Cho, CDP-choline; P-Etn, Phosphoethanolamine; CDP-Etn, CDP-ethanolamine. Enzyme abbreviations: CerS1/CerS2, Ceramide Synthase 1/Ceramide Synthase 2; DEGS, sphingolipid delta-4 desaturase; SMGS, sphingomyelin synthase; SMDP, Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase; ACER, alkaline ceramidase; SPHK, sphingosine kinase; GlucT, Glucosylceramide-Transferase; GalT, Galactosylceramide-Transferase; ST, Sialyl-Transferase; Neusase, Neuraminase; pgpA, phosphatidylglycerophosphatase A; cls, cardiolipin synthase; PLD, Phospholipase D1/2; PPAP2, phosphatidate phosphatase; CDIPT, CDP-diacylglycerol-inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase; CHK, choline kinase; PHOSPHO1, phosphoethanolamine/phosphocholine 586 phosphatase; PCYT1, choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase; CPT1, diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase; PCS, phosphatidylcholine synthase; DGAT, diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase; LPC, lipoprotein lipase; Ptdss1, phosphatidylserine…