Effect of high‐intensity interval walking on microvascular endothelial function among community‐dwelling older people

Figure 1. Study Design This figure indicated the experimental design of this study, comparing the effects of HIIW and MICW on older adults. The HIIW group underwent HIIW training, while the MICW group engaged in MICW. The assessments conducted included the CoSAS, GDS-K, QOL-K, PSQI-K, GPAQ, and the SFT, which comprised the chair stand test, arm curl test, two-minute step in place test, chair sit and reach test, back scratch test, and eight-foot up and go test. Hand grip strength was also measured using a dynamometer. This figure was created by Xinxing Li. HIIW, high-intensity interval walking; MICW, moderate-intensity interval walking; WHO, World Health Organization; QOL, quality of life; CoSAS, Computer Cognitive Senior Assessment System; GDS-K, the Korean version of geriatric depression scale; QOL-K, the Korean version of WHOQOL; PSQI-K, the Korean version of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; GPAQ, global physical activity questionnaire; SFT, senior fitness test

Figure 2. The Results of Body Composition and Blood Pressure Between MICW and HIIW Groups This figure indicated the body composition and blood pressure between the pre- and post-time within MICW and HIIW groups. A) Weight (kg) difference between the pre- and post-time within MICW and HIIW groups. B) The different BMI (kg/m2) between the pre- and post-time within MICW and HIIW groups. C) The different results of body fat mass (kg) between the pre- and post-time within MICW and HIIW groups. D) The results of different SMM (kg) between the pre- and post-time within MICW and HIIW groups. E) Different SBP (mmHg) between the pre- and post-time within MICW and HIIW groups. F) The results of different DBP (mmHg) between the pre- and post-time within MICW and HIIW groups. All statistical values were represented. *p<0.05 **p<0.01 ***p<0.001 MICW, moderate-intensity continuous walking; HIIW, high-intensity interval walking; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SMM, skeletal muscle mass

Figure 3. The Results of GDS-K, QOL-K, and PSQI-K Between MICW and HIIW Groups This figure showed the GDS-K, QOL-K, and PSQI-K scores between the pre- and post-time within MICW and HIIW groups. A) The results of different GDS-K scores between the pre- and post-time within MICW and HIIW groups. B) The results of different QOL-K between the pre- and post-time within MICW and HIIW groups. C) The results of different PSQI-K scores between the pre- and post-time within MICW and HIIW groups. All statistical values were represented. *p<0.05 **p<0.01 ***p<0.001 GDS-K, the Korean version of the geriatric depression scale; QOL-K, the Korean version of WHO quality of life, PSQI-K, the Korean version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; WHO, World Health Organization; MICW, moderate-intensity continuous walking; HIIW, high-intensity interval walking

Figure 4. The Results of Physical Functions Between MICW and HIIW Groups This figure indicated the different physical function results between pre- and post-time within MICW and HIIW groups. A) The results of different grip strength (kg) between the pre- and post-time within MICW and HIIW groups. B) The results of different balance (score) between the pre- and post-time within MICW and HIIW groups. C) The results of different 30 s chair stand times (sec) between the pre- and post-time within MICW and HIIW groups. D) The results of different 30s arm curl times (sec) between the pre- and post-time within MICW and HIIW groups. E) The results of different two-min steps (count) between the pre- and post-time within MICW and HIIW groups. F) The results of different sit and reach (cm) between the pre- and post-time within MICW and HIIW groups. G) The results of different back stretch (cm) between the pre- and post-time within MICW and HIIW groups. H) The results of different eight-foot up and go (sec) between the pre- and post-time within MICW and HIIW groups. All statistical values were represented *p<0.05 **p<0.01 ***p<0.001 MICW, moderate-intensity continuous walking; HIIW, high-intensity…

Figure 5. The Result of CoSAS Cognitive Function Between MICW and HIIW Groups This figure indicated the different CoSAS cognitive function results between pre- and post-time within MICW and HIIW groups. A) The results of different total CoSAS (score) between the pre- and post-time within MICW and HIIW groups. B) The results of different CoSAS accuracy (score) between the pre- and post-time within MICW and HIIW groups. C) The different CoSAS reaction time (sec) results between the pre- and post-time within MICW and HIIW groups. D) The results of different CoSAS consumption times (sec) between the pre- and post-time within MICW and HIIW groups. E) The different CoSAS high-level ability (score) results between the pre- and post-time within MICW and HIIW groups. F) The different results of CoSAS memory (score) between the pre- and post-time within MICW and HIIW groups. G) The different results of CoSAS attention (score) between the pre- and post-time within MICW and HIIW groups. H) The different results of CoSAS visual perception (score) between the pre- and post-time within MICW and HIIW groups. I) The results of different CoSAS language ability (score) between the pre- and post-time within…