Cultural dimensions of online distance learners’ dropout behaviour: an explanatory analysis

Although dropout is widely recognised as a complex and primarily qualitative phenomenon, its relationship with cultural factors remains largely underexplored, particularly in the context of Online Distance Education (ODE). This research employed an explanatory sequential mixed-method design, beginning with the administration of the web-based Student Opinion Scale on Cultural Characteristics Affecting Dropout (SOSCCAD), developed by the researcher and grounded in Geert Hofstede’s Six Dimensions Model of Culture: collectivism vs. individualism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity vs. femininity, short- vs. long-term orientation, and restraint vs. indulgence (n = 1,153). This was followed by in-depth interviews with 27 students who had experienced dropout. Qualitative content analysis of the interview data revealed 46 subcategories, providing a detailed understanding of how these cultural dimensions influence dropout decisions. While Hofstede’s model guided the framework, relevant literature beyond his work was also consulted to ensure conceptual depth and precision in naming the subcategories.