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In the 1980s, the empirical research paradigm began to be questioned. The postmodernist debate in social work has legitimized the valuing of differences, admitting of many realities. Minority voices have become more articulate; local metaphors are replacing universal ones. Higher education reports on scholarship now advise universities to broaden their paradigms to encompass different ways of building knowledge.
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Emilia E. Martínez-Brawley (1999) studied this question.
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