Aims To systematically evaluate the effectiveness of preventive and therapeutic interventions for the management of the following non‐dental biofilm‐induced gingival diseases and conditions: genetic/developmental disorders; specific infections; reactive processes; endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases; and traumatic lesions. Methods Five systematic searches, one per topic of interest, were performed in four electronic databases, to identify clinical studies reporting on the effectiveness of any intervention aimed at the management of non‐dental biofilm‐induced gingival diseases and conditions in human subjects of all ages. Results One hundred and fifty‐nine papers dealing with the management (prevention and/or treatment) of 32 different conditions affecting the gingiva were included. The level of evidence was low (7 randomized clinical trials, 1 cross‐sectional, 3 cohort studies, 32 case series, 116 case reports). Interventions aiming at prevention were scarce. Treatment of non‐dental biofilm‐induced gingival diseases and conditions studied included: targeted systemic therapy, risk factor control, oral hygiene instructions, professional mechanical plaque removal, scaling and root planing, coadjuvant antiseptics and antibiotics, surgical excision of certain lesions and periodontal plastic surgery. Conclusions The management of non‐dental biofilm‐induced gingival diseases and conditions requires accurate diagnosis, integrated periodontal care, appropriate systemic therapy and regular follow‐up for effective management and prevention of recurrence.
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Molina et al. (2026) studied this question.
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