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Lead ions (Pb 2+ ) antagonise the action of Ca 2+ ions at many sites, and also mimic many of the biological effects of Ca 2+ ions. These interactions are discussed, and related to the chemical differences between Pb 2+ and Ca 2+ ions. Lead has many effects that are entirely unlike those of calcium, so the toxicology of Pb cannot be explained solely by its interaction with Ca.
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Timothy J. B. Simons (1986) studied this question.
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