Immunoids: Building immunocompetent organoids from human pluripotent stem cells

Pluripotent stem cell-derived immunocompetent organoids and assembloids, termed here "immunoids," are becoming important human models for studying immune-tissue interactions. Advances across organ systems now include incorporation of mature and immature immune populations into multiple organoid types, multilineage differentiation, and endogenous immune co-development. Defining standards for immunoid fabrication will be essential for improving physiological modeling and clinical translation. In the coming years, as these platforms mature, immunoids are poised to transform research by advancing our understanding of human development, disease mechanisms, and therapeutic responses, becoming a cornerstone of precision medicine.