Mechano-electrical coupling in cell volume regulation: physical mechanisms, physiological functions, and challenges

Cellular volume homeostasis is essential for maintaining the stability of cell structure and functions. The regulation of cell volume is a mechano-electrical coupling process, where mechanical forces (such as osmotic pressure, hydrostatic pressure, myosin contraction, and membrane tension) and electrical signals (including ion fluxes and membrane potential) are intricately coupled. In this review, we explore the physical mechanisms underlying this coupling, its critical physiological roles, and the current challenges in the field. We discuss key elements like mechanosensitive ion channels, cytoskeletal dynamics, membrane tension, and membrane potential. By summarizing existing knowledge and pointing out open questions, this review offers an integrated perspective on how cells sense and integrate mechanical and electrical cues during volume regulation, and suggests important directions for future research.