Thrombolysis as a multiscale physical process: linking molecular fibrin degradation to vascular recanalisation

Thrombolysis is a multiscale biophysical process coupling haemodynamics, transport and enzymatic fibrin degradation within an evolving clot. Computational models now span molecular to vascular scales, incorporating stochastic fibre rupture, dynamic permeability and fluid-structure interaction. This review identifies the evolution of transport and mechanical properties of thrombi as the key cross-scale mediator and outlines directions for physically consistent multiscale frameworks towards predictive, patient-specific thrombolysis modelling.