Cardiology in Poland: A report for the year 2025 — electrophysiology and device therapy

Q: What is the clinical evidence from this study?

Study design: Cross-Sectional. Population: Arrhythmia and heart failure (indications for electrophysiology and device therapy). Intervention: Cardiac electrophysiology and device therapy procedures. Primary outcome: Nationwide and regional procedural volumes and rates per million inhabitants.

Andrzej Główniak; Jarosław Drożdż; Krzysztof Błaszyk; Piotr Dobrowolski; Marcin Fijałkowski; Marek J. Gierlotka; Jarosław Gorący; Jerzy Górny; Grzegorz Grześk; Marianna Janion; Wiktor Kuliczkowski; Przemyslaw P. Mitkowski; Katarzyna Styczkiewicz; Andrzej Surdacki; Anna Tomaszuk−Kazberuk; Krystian Wita; Adam Witkowski; Janina Stępińska; Adrian Doroszko; Waldemar Banasiak

doi:10.33963/v.phj.115185

Key Points

To assess national activity, infrastructure, workforce, and regional procedural rates for cardiac electrophysiology and device therapies across Poland in 2025.
Nationwide annual survey data collected by 16 provincial cardiology consultants across all 16 Polish voivodeships covering 239 cardiology departments.
Department-level data aggregated on infrastructure, specialist staffing, CIED implantations, device follow-up, and electrophysiological interventions.
Procedural frequencies standardized per million inhabitants and reported as totals, medians, interquartile ranges (IQR), and ranges.
Nationwide specialist staffing totaled 3530 cardiology specialists across 239 departments, with a median of 95.2 specialists per million inhabitants (IQR 75.0–105.1; range: 47–123).
Conventional pacing predominated with 22 986 first-time DDD/VDD implantations (median 578 per million; IQR 535–660) and 5260 first-time VVI implantations (median 146 per million; IQR 122–158).
Specialized therapies included 3425 first-time CRT-D devices (median 84 per million; IQR 62–111) and 5009 first-time transvenous ICDs, alongside 353 648 total CIED follow-up checks (median 9455 per million; IQR 8584–10 561).

Study Design

Type

Cross-Sectional

Multicenter

Yes

Structured PICO

P

Population

A nationwide cross-sectional survey of 239 cardiology departments in Poland assessing regional infrastructure and volumes of cardiac device and electrophysiology procedures in 2025.

E

Exposure

Cardiac electrophysiology and device therapies, including pacemakers, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), ablations, and transvenous lead extractions.

O

Outcome

Procedural volume and regional rates per million inhabitants for cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) implantations, follow-up checks, and electrophysiological procedures.

The 2025 report confirms robust availability of electrophysiology and device therapies in Poland, alongside growing adoption of modern technologies like leadless pacing, though significant regional disparities in specialized care persist.

Limitations

Data were reported at an aggregate regional level and were not independently audited against individual patient records or nationwide reimbursement databases.
Completeness may differ between regions and procedure definitions may not have been interpreted uniformly.
Rates were not adjusted for age, sex, cardiovascular disease burden, cross-border patient flows, or referral of complex cases.
Year-to-year comparisons are descriptive and may be influenced by changes in reporting completeness.
The survey does not provide procedural outcomes, complication rates, or waiting times.
Rates were standardized to regional population but were not adjusted for age, sex, cardiovascular disease burden, cross-border patient flows, or referral of complex cases.

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Implication

Poland's sustained high EP and device volumes support ongoing program maintenance; leaves open targeted research on reducing regional access disparities.

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Cite This Study

Główniak et al. (2026) conducted a cross-sectional in Arrhythmia and heart failure (indications for electrophysiology and device therapy). Cardiac electrophysiology and device therapy procedures was evaluated on Nationwide and regional procedural volumes and rates per million inhabitants.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6acaf63d3a5769b1f921288f https://doi.org/10.33963/v.phj.115185

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Cardiology in Poland: A report for the year 2025 — electrophysiology and device therapy

Key Points

Study Design

Structured PICO

Limitations

Ask about this paper

Implication

Abstract

Discussion

Cite This Study

Cardiology in Poland: A report for the year 2025 — electrophysiology and device therapy

Key Points

Study Design

Structured PICO

Limitations

Ask about this paper

Implication

Abstract

Discussion

Cite This Study

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