Patient-specific 3D-printed models for pulmonary arteriovenous malformation embolization: a multi-institution feasibility study

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has emerged as a useful adjunct for pre-procedural planning across surgical and endovascular specialties, yet its application in interventional radiology, particularly for pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs), remains limited. This retrospective study reports the largest series to date describing 3D-printed, patient-specific PAVM models created at two hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) centers. Six patients with eight PAVMs underwent model production using thin-slice CT segmentation and multimaterial printing platforms. All models (6/6) were successfully fabricated and used for procedural planning, with interventionalists reporting improved understanding of vascular anatomy and treatment approach. Embolization achieved 100% technical success, including one case in which a prior attempt without a model had failed. Models were also used for patient education in most cases. These findings demonstrate the feasibility and perceived utility of 3D-printed PAVM models and support further study to define their impact on procedural efficiency, clinical outcomes, and patient experience. 3D-printed, patient-specific models of pulmonary AVMs were successfully produced for all cases and aided pre-procedural planning. Interventionalists reported improved understanding of complex vascular anatomy and treatment approach using the models. 3D models showed potential value in both procedural preparation and patient education, supporting broader clinical integration.