Analysis of Saliva Microbiota During Treatment With Braces Systems in Patients From Various Geographical Zones of the Transcarpathia

The article presents a comparative analysis of the quantitative and qualitative composition of the oral fluid microbiota in orthodontic patients from different geographic regions. The aim of the study is to investigate the quantitative and qualitative composition of the oral fluid microbiota in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed braces and living in three geographical areas of the Transcarpathian region (lowland, foothills, and mountains) and to conduct a correlation analysis of the obtained indicators. Methods of the study. A microbiological study of the oral fluid of 70 orthodontic patients treated with fixed braces and living in the lowland, foothill, and mountain zones of the Transcarpathian region was conducted. Results and their discussion. In the lowland zone, Streptococcus mutans (5.2×10⁹ CFU/ml), Streptococcus anginosus (1.4×10⁸ CFU/ml), and Enterococcus faecalis (5.0–5.7×10⁷ CFU/ml) prevail; in the foothill zone – Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.7×10⁸ CFU/ml), Enterococcus faecium (2.6×10⁶–1.4×10⁷ CFU/ml), and Streptococcus mutans (3.2×10⁷ CFU/ml); and in the mountain zone – Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis spp. (3.0×10⁹ CFU/ml), Enterococcus faecium (1.0×10⁸ CFU/ml), Klebsiella pneumoniae (1.3×10⁶–2.1×10⁸ CFU/ml), Acinetobacter spp. (8.0×10⁷ CFU/ml), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.0×10⁷ CFU/ml), and Streptococcus anginosus (8.0×10⁷ CFU/ml). Analysis of the species composition of the microflora showed the presence of microorganisms common to all zones (S. mutans, S. sobrinus, S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, S. saprophyticus, coagulase-negative staphylococci), as well as zone-specific indicators: enterobacterial-enterococcal profile with dominance of E. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella, Citrobacter in the lowland zone; E. faecium, Acinetobacter spp., P. aeruginosa in the foothills; combination of high titers of Enterococcus faecium/faecalis with Klebsiella pneumoniae/rhinoscleromatis, Acinetobacter spp., E. coli, Citrobacter and S. anginosus in the mountainous area. Conclusions. As a result of the conducted studies, it was proven that in orthodontic patients who are at the stages of orthodontic treatment with fixed braces and live in the lowland, foothill, and mountainous zones of Transcarpathia, the quantitative and qualitative composition of the oral fluid microbiota is statistically different and is characterized by dysbiotic changes, most pronounced in residents of the mountainous zone.