Key result
Modified Simpson method outperforms Teichholz for cardiac output estimation, showing closest agreement with thermodilution.
Why the study?
Thermodilution is the reference method for cardiac output assessment but is invasive and limits routine use in equids, motivating evaluation of echocardiographic methods.
Do the Teichholz and Modified Simpson echocardiographic methods accurately estimate cardiac output compared to thermodilution in healthy donkeys?
Observational (n=5)
Do the Teichholz and Modified Simpson echocardiographic methods accurately estimate cardiac output compared to thermodilution in healthy donkeys?
Absolute Event Rate: 7.75% vs 9.94%
In healthy donkeys, the Modified Simpson method provides closer agreement to thermodilution for cardiac output measurement than the Teichholz method, though the methods are not entirely interchangeable.
Modified Simpson shows moderate agreement with thermodilution in donkeys; leaves open noninvasive CO monitoring pending larger validation studies.
Thermodilution is the reference method for cardiac output (CO) assessment but is invasive, limiting its routine use in equids. This study evaluated the Teichholz and Modified Simpson echocardiographic methods for CO estimation in five healthy Northeastern Brazilian donkeys (Equus asinus) during four evaluation sessions. Agreement with thermodilution was assessed using Spearman's correlation, Bland-Altman analysis, and linear mixed-effects models. Mean CO values obtained by thermodilution, Modified Simpson, and Teichholz were 9.94 ± 2.08, 7.75 ± 2.57, and 3.34 ± 1.16 L/min, respectively. The Modified Simpson method showed the strongest association and closest agreement with thermodilution among the echocardiographic methods evaluated, whereas Teichholz consistently underestimated CO. Although the Modified Simpson method cannot be considered interchangeable with thermodilution, these findings support its potential use as a non-invasive approach for CO estimation in donkeys.
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Canola et al. (2026) conducted an observational in Healthy (n=5). Modified Simpson and Teichholz echocardiographic methods vs. Thermodilution was evaluated on Cardiac output estimation (L/min). The Modified Simpson method showed the closest agreement with thermodilution for cardiac output estimation (mean 7.75 vs 9.94 L/min), whereas Teichholz consistently underestimated it.
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