Mitigating zoonotic pathogens in the food supply chain: veterinary strategies and biosensor technologies for ensuring the safety of animal-derived products

Zoonotic diseases, which are transmitted from animals to humans, represent a major global public health concern, particularly through the consumption of contaminated animal-derived food products such as meat, dairy, eggs, and seafood. These foods, while nutritionally essential, can act as carriers of pathogenic microorganisms, such as Brucella , Listeria , Campylobacter , and Salmonella . This review explores the risk of zoonotic pathogens in the food supply chain and presents an integrated approach to control contamination at various stages of food production and distribution. Key strategies include pre-harvest controls on farms, such as improved husbandry, vaccination, and biosecurity measures; post-harvest interventions aimed at reducing microbial contamination during slaughter, processing, storage, and transport; and the promotion of hygienic food handling and distribution practices. At the consumer level, education and awareness campaigns play a critical role in reducing foodborne infections. Furthermore, continuous monitoring through veterinary inspections and pathogen surveillance enables early detection of and response to outbreaks. The adoption of food safety standards, regulatory frameworks, and advanced traceability systems, enhanced by biosensor technologies, further strengthens food safety management. These coordinated efforts are essential for ensuring the safety of animal-derived foods, preventing zoonotic disease transmission, and safeguarding public health.