Right Heart Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Profiles and Cardiopulmonary Reserve in Older Adults Undergoing Long‐Term Multicomponent Exercise: A 2‐Year Longitudinal Study

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Research flow chart.

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  FIGURE 2. Mean changes in right atrial structural parameters during follow‐up. (A) RAVED/BSA and (B) RAVES/BSA. Data points represent raw means and error bars represent 95% CI (n = 54 for the training group and n = 38 for the control group at each time point). p values were adjusted for baseline age, sex, coronary artery disease, hypertension, Type 2 diabetes, lipid‐lowering drugs, body mass index, 4‐m gait speed, 5‐times sit‐to‐stand test, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio, peak VO2 and individual baseline values. BSA, body surface area; RAVED, right atrial volume at ventricular end‐diastolic; RAVES, right atrial volume at ventricular end‐systolic.

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  FIGURE 3. Mean changes in right ventricular functional parameters during follow‐up. (A) RVSV/BSA, (B) RVCI, and (C) RV peak filling rate. Data points represent raw means and error bars represent 95% CI (n = 54 for the training group and n = 38 for the control group at each time point). p values were adjusted for baseline age, sex, coronary artery disease, hypertension, Type 2 diabetes, lipid‐lowering drugs, body mass index, 4‐m gait speed, 5‐times sit‐to‐stand test, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio, peak VO2 and individual baseline values. BSA, body surface area; RVSV, right ventricular stroke volume; RVCI, right ventricular cardiac index; RV, right ventricle.

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  FIGURE 4. Mean changes in left ventricular structural and functional parameters during follow‐up. (A) LVSV/BSA, (B) LVCI, (C) LV peak ejection rate, and (D) LV peak filling rate. Data points represent raw means and error bars represent 95% CI (n = 54 for the training group and n = 38 for the control group at each time point). p values were adjusted for baseline age, sex, coronary artery disease, hypertension, Type 2 diabetes, lipid‐lowering drugs, body mass index, 4‐m gait speed, 5‐times sit‐to‐stand test, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio, peak VO2 and individual baseline values. BSA, body surface area; LVSV, left ventricular stroke volume; LVCI, left ventricular cardiac index.

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  FIGURE 5. Mean changes in epicardial fat volume, weight‐normalized cardiopulmonary reserve and cardiopulmonary exercise variables during follow‐up. (A) Epicardial fat volume, (B) Peak VO2, and (C) VO2 at AT. Data points represent raw means and error bars represent 95% CI (n = 54 for the training group and n = 38 for the control group at each time point). p values were adjusted for baseline age, sex, coronary artery disease, hypertension, Type 2 diabetes, lipid‐lowering drugs, body mass index, 4‐m gait speed, 5‐times sit‐to‐stand test, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio, peak VO2 and individual baseline values. Peak VO2, peak oxygen uptake; VO2 at AT, oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold.

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  FIGURE 6. Mean changes in absolute cardiopulmonary reserve and cardiopulmonary exercise variables during follow‐up. (A) Absolute peak VO2 and (B) Absolute VO2 at AT. Data points represent raw means and error bars represent 95% CI (n = 54 for the training group and n = 38 for the control group at each time point). p values were adjusted for baseline age, sex, coronary artery disease, hypertension, Type 2 diabetes, lipid‐lowering drugs, body mass index, 4‐m gait speed, 5‐times sit‐to‐stand test, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio, individual baseline values and peak VO2 (except for analysis of absolute peak VO2). Peak VO2, peak oxygen uptake; VO2 at AT, oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold.