Can Forensic Crime Scene Investigation be Aided by Spectroscopy and Chemometric Techniques?—A Comprehensive Review

This review examines the forensic applications, advantages, and limitations of key spectroscopic techniques, including Raman, infrared (IR), near-infrared (NIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and mass spectrometry, in crime scene and laboratory investigations. These techniques are discussed in the context of analyzing evidence, detecting illicit substances (including biological fluids, explosives, and narcotics), and reconstructing crime scenes. The benefits and limitations of each method are highlighted, along with their potential for enhancing forensic investigations. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) with spectroscopic techniques is also briefly explored, noting their role in improving data analysis and interpretation. Challenges such as sensitivity, specificity, and implementation in field settings are discussed, alongside future directions for advancing spectroscopic applications in forensics. This review aims to provide a balanced overview of spectroscopic techniques in forensic science for researchers, forensic scientists, and law enforcement agencies.