Tin Nanoparticles: A Review of Recent Advances in Synthesis Strategies, Characterization Techniques and Functional Applications

In nanotechnology, materials with enhanced chemical, structural, and morphological properties are produced by carefully manipulating matter at the nanoscale (1–100 nm). This topic revolves around Tin (IV) Oxide (SnO2), a versatile semiconductor of the n type with a large bandgap (3.6 to 3.8 eV) and a rigid tetragonal crystalline structure.The top-down, or physical method, and bottom-up, or chemical method, synthesis approaches are contrasted in this study. Additionally, it highlights the biological (green) synthesis process as an affordable, safe, and sustainable substitute. To comprehend the structural and elemental composition of these nanomaterials, characterization techniques like XRD, scanning electron microscopy, TEM, FT-IR, and UV-visible Spectroscopy are investigated. Finally, the study explores the diverse applications of SnO2 nanoparticles, ranging from biological (anti-cancer, anti-microbial, and anti-inflammatory therapy) to ecological and electronic (photo catalysis and solar cell technology).