Metal organic framework-derived hollow structures for environmental remediation and wastewater treatment: The nexus of experimental, artificial intelligence, and machine learning approaches

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-porous hybrid materials formed by the self-assembly of metal ions/clusters with organic ligands offer exceptional versatility and precise composition control without losing their structural integrity. Through various controlled routes, MOFs readily convert into nanostructured hollow porous materials (NHPMs), such as metal oxides, sulfides, and beyond. Featuring high surface areas and interconnected pore networks, these derivative NHPMs play a critical role in environmental remediation and wastewater treatment. This review highlights the MOF-derived NHPMs for environmental remediation and wastewater treatment. Further, Artificial intelligence and Machine learning approaches have been discussed. Finally, current challenges in the field and potential future directions are discussed.