Graphene materials and devices for 6G networks: A critical review

The rapid progression toward sixth-generation (6G) wireless communication offers imposing demands on device performance, including efficient integration, ultra-high-speed operation and scalability at terahertz (THz) frequencies. Graphene-based transistors have emerged as a promising solution due to graphene’s outstanding mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. This article presents a comprehensive review of Graphene based devices tailored for 6G communications, outset with an overview of their general structure and the inherent advantages of graphene. The discussion provides state-of-the-art graphene synthesis approaches, emphasizing modular and high-quality fabrication. Various charge transport mechanisms are investigated to reveal how they impact graphene device performance across the radio frequency spectrum. Particular attention is given to device structures optimized for GHz to sub-THz applications, as well as recent innovations in THz graphene antennas and RF components. The literature also estimates the long-term reliability and stability of GFETs, highlighting challenges and possible remedial strategies. By synthesizing advancements across system integration, device engineering and materials science, this article presents a crucial foundation for advancing Graphene technologies as catalysts of future 6G networks.