Voltage source converter‐high‐voltage direct current (VSC‐HVDC) transmission is a key technology for renewable‐energy integration, regional grid interconnection and passive‐network power supply. This review summarises the development history of VSC‐HVDC, the evolution of converter topologies, its technical advantages and representative engineering applications, with particular emphasis on VSC‐HVDC projects and key technological breakthroughs in China, including the multi‐terminal DC (MTDC) grids technology, converter topology innovation, grid‐forming control technology and the key equipment of VSC‐HVDC systems. Finally, the development trends and remaining challenges of VSC‐HVDC technology are discussed, including VSC‐HVDC topologies, intelligent control and protection, active grid‐supporting technologies and lightweight design of offshore VSC‐HVDC systems. This review indicates that VSC‐HVDC transmission is evolving from a power transmission solution into system‐supporting infrastructure for future power systems.
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Licheng et al. (2026) studied this question.
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